ISBN-13正式登场

    2005年1月1日，谋划已久的13位ISBN的转换进程正式开始。2年后，ISBN-13将完全取代10位的ISBN。其实多年前正式出版的图书上，条码位置已同时印有ISBN和ISBN-13，只是当时以978开头的13位的数字是作为图书的商品编号，而非书号。
    与编目有关的问题是：什么时候开始著录？著录在什么字段？图书馆编目系统的相应升级是否已经完成或至少放到了议事日程？

    美国国会图书馆启动最早，计划2004年10月1日就开始处理ISBN-13。到2007年1月1日前的转换过渡时期，将同时著录出版商提供的同一文献的两个ISBN号（10位和13位）。2007年后将只著录ISBN-13。
    在2004年6月的美国图书馆协会ALA年会上，机读书目信息委员会MARBI曾经讨论过MARC 21著录时是重复020的$a子字段，还是重复020字段。报道没有说明讨论的具体内容，推测重复子字段的理由应当是，因为对应的是同一装祯形式的多个号码；重复字段的理由应当是MARC 21定义中020$a不可重复。考虑到多家图书馆管理系统实现上的问题，LC最终采用重复020字段的方法。著录顺序是13位的在前，10位的在后。OCLC由于系统原因，暂时采用024字段（其它标准号），而未来仍将采用020字段。


    CNMARC方面，国家图书馆编《新版中国机读目录格式使用手册》（北京图书馆出版社，2004年）采用新的073字段（国际论文号）著录ISBN-13（第46页）。这就意味着未来的”国际标准书号”将不著录在国际标准书号（020）字段中，而著录在国际论文号（073）字段中。国家图书馆在编手册时（2003年上半年）就了解到了”ISBN书号谋划升位“之事，仍做出这种规定有点不可思议。

    编目员更关心对自己工作的影响。其实ISBN-13就号码而言，目前与ISBN的差别只是在ISBN前加上978，以及最后1位校验位不同。校验位本来就是由机器自动生成，所以著录时没有理由让编目员输入两次，而应当由软件自动由10位的ISBN转换成ISBN-13，或者反之。OCLC目前在下载记录时，会自动把以978开头的ISBN-13转换为10位数字的ISBN。
    国内CALIS联合目录也在考虑更新相关软件，以能够顺利处理13位的ISBN号。目前各图书馆自动化管理系统的编目模块，编目时会进行ISBN号码自动校验，ISBN-13会被视为错误的ISBN而作出提示或自动改为$z子字段。不知道各图书馆自动化管理系统对此准备得如何？

更新（2005年5月24日）：
    不列颠图书馆同样于2004年10月1日起处理ISBN-13。见：The British Library and 13-digit ISBNs

 

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  2. Introduction<br>The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a unique machine-readable identification number, defined in ISO Standard 2108, which is applied to books. As a result of electronic publishing and other changes in the publishing industry, the numbering capacity of the ISBN system is being consumed at a much faster rate than was originally anticipated when the standard was designed in the late 1960s. While we will not run out of ISBNs tomorrow, it will happen before too long and plans are already in hand to provide a solution before the crisis point is reached. However, since the solution is to re-structure the ISBN, this will have an impact – to varying degrees – on all users of ISBNs: publishers, distributors, booksellers, libraries, and suppliers of systems and software to the information community and the book trade.<br><br>Changing the ISBN<br>The ISBN was first standardised in 1972 as ISO 2108 and last revised in 1992, using a 10-digit number structure. A 10-digit ISBN (now starting to bereferred to as ISBN-10) has, in theory, the capacity to assign 1 billion numbers. However, the internal hierarchical structure of the ISBN governs the way the numbers are assigned. ISBNs have been assigned over almost 35 years in over 150 countries or territories. The ISBN-10 is divided into four parts of variable length: the group identifier, the publisher identifier, the title identifier and the check digit; for example, ISBN 1-85375-390-4. Blocks of ISBNs are allocated by the International ISBN Agency [1] to specific regional groups or countries (the group identifier). Within each regional group or country, blocks of ISBNs are allocated by the national ISBN agency to specific publishers according to their output (the publisher identifier or publisher prefix). Finally, publishers allocate ISBNs to specific titles. This hierarchical allocation reduces the total number of ISBNs available, and has resulted in over-allocation in some areas and under-allocation in others. It is these areas of under-allocation where the ISBNs will run out first.<br><br>Revising the ISBN<br>The International Standards Organisation (ISO) Technical Committee 46 (TC 46) is responsible for information and documentation standards. Within TC 46, Subcommittee 9 (SC 9) [2] develops and maintains standards on the identification and description of information resources and Working Group 4 (WG 4) was established in January 2002 to revise the ISBN standard. The project leader is Michael Healy of Nielson BookData Ltd. The revised standard will specify all changes to the ISBN system. The ISO process has several stages, all of which have now been completed: project proposal, working draft, committee draft, draft international standard (comments at this stage may result in further changes), final draft international standard (yes or no vote by ISO members) and publication. Voting on the draft international standard ended on 19 July 2004 with 100% approval from the 23 P-member countries that voted, with no negative votes and 4 abstentions. On 15 October 2004, the ISO TC46 SC9 Web site [2] reported that the final draft international standard had now been unanimously approved by a formal vote of ISO member organisations. The aim is to publish the new standard, ISO 2108 4th edition, by the end of 2004. It specifies an implementation date of 1 January 2007. All users of ISBNs need to have made any necessary changes to systems before that point. <br><br>ISBN-13<br>In looking for a revised numbering system for the ISBN, the Working Group took into account a number of other issues, such as the need for standardized metadata for ISBN assignments, and funding and support for administration of the ISBN system. The revision is also reviewing the criteria and conditions that are used to decide how the ISBN is assigned to certain types of monographic publications (e.g. digital files, print-on-demand materials, and discrete parts of monographic publications).<br><br>The present ISBN is used in its 10-digit form by a range of information community and book trade organisations. However, the bar code system(the bar code printed on the back cover of paperback books for example) used by retail systems throughout the supply chain is the 13-digit European Article Number (EAN) code. An ISBN can be transformed into an EAN by adding the 3-digit EAN product code for books (978) in front of the ISBN and recalculating the check digit. So ISBN 0-901690-54-6 becomes EAN 978-0-901690-54-8.<br><br>At the same time that the ISBN was being revised, the United States decided to migrate from its 12-digit Universal Product Code (UPC) to the EAN, which has now been renamed the EAN-UCC-13 international standard for product coding [3]. The Working Group proposed that the ISBN should also move to integrate with the EAN-UCC. This aligns the ISBN with all other product numbering, making trade with non-book retailers (e.g. supermarkets selling paperback books) much easier. It will also be more efficient and cost-effective to introduce the new ISBN-13 while North American users are already adapting to an equivalent change in their UPC bar code system.<br><br>Existing ISBNs can be transformed into ISBN-13 by the addition of the book code prefix 978 and another product code prefix – 979 – has been made available, which will open up a new range of numbers. Numbers in the new range will only be allocated once numbers from the old range have been exhausted.<br><br>The Working Group considered using an alphanumeric or hexadecimal ISBN within the 10-digit format, but rejected these options as they would be incompatible with most bar code systems. They also rejected the idea of changing the ISBN into a &aposdumb&apos number (eliminating the region/country and publisher identifiers) and culling all unassigned numbers for use elsewhere: because of the need for a strong central database to administer assignment and prevent duplication, this would be a costly and complex solution.<br><br>Impact<br>How will this change affect users of ISBNs? The major changes to be aware of include the following:<br><br>The ISBN will change from 10 to 13 digits on 1 January 2007. <br>Existing ISBNs will be prefixed by 978. <br>The resulting 13-digit number will be identical with the EAN-13 number that is currently encoded in the bar code. <br>The 979 prefix will be introduced when the current stock of numbers is exhausted. <br>Publishers&apos identifier prefixes are not likely to remain the same for ISBNs using the 979 prefix. <br>Bar codes will carry the 13-digit ISBN with hyphenation above the bar code and the EAN-13, the identical number without hyphens or spaces, below the bar code. <br>Publishers, Distributors, Booksellers<br>All publishers, distributors and booksellers need to review all of their processes as the ISBN is embedded in a variety of ways. They need to be aware of the changes and how it impacts on both internal and external processes.<br><br>Publishers are advised to<br>

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