标签： 分类

    第一次看《国会图书馆分类法》LCC的时候，我就觉得制定《中图法》的前辈们，当初其实怀里除了揣着《杜威十进分类法》DDC外，也揣着LCC。他们依据DDC的十进制，采用LCC的单字母大类、部分双字母二级类形式，参考LCC的大类设置，设计出二十二个大类的体系，并煞费苦心地排列大类次序，最终形成了《中图法》这个混血儿。看LCC与《中图法》的B、C、R、S、T几个大类设置相同，有这种直觉更是自然。
    套录西文记录，分类时除参考DDC外，也常参考LCC，因为两者并不总是一致的。尤其是在不愿意入与DDC对应的《中图法》类目时，更希望能由LCC找到否定DDC的依据。早先已总结过一些网上不同版本的DDC，LCC的网上版本也很多，推荐参考的有以下几个：

• 国会图书馆官方网站以PDF格式提供的各大类简表：Library of Congress classification outline。该表是网上最权威、最详尽的。PDF格式且需逐类下载，使用起来不太方便。
• Matt Rosenberg在About.com上提供的LCC简表：Library of Congress Classification System。该表为网页表格形式，比较详细，仅次于LC版本。很多其它网站采用这个版本，如York University Libraries。
• 图书馆公司The Library Corporation (TLC)网站上的LCC简表，第六版，1990：LC Classification Outline。与Matt Rosenberg的表类似而略简。
• 澳门理工学院图书馆的”美国国会图书馆分类法简表“。该表PDF格式，是二位字母的简表，中文版。

    如果想要完整版，可以向LC订购网络版：Classification Web，含LCC和LCSH，单用户每年$375。

附：LCC大类

A General
B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion
C Auxiliary Sciences of History
D History
E-F History: America (Western Hemisphere)
G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation
H Social Science
J Political Science
K Law
L Education
M Music and Books on Music
N Fine Arts
P Language and literature
Q Science
R Medicine
S Agriculture
T Technology
U Military Science
V Naval Science
Z Bibliography and Library Science

 

      位于荷兰海牙的UDC Consortium目前负责维护《国际十进分类法》，在其主页UDC Website上有与UDC相关的丰富信息。当然，也有UDC的简表和多个通用复分表。

UDC大类如下：
0 GENERALITIES
1 PHILOSOPHY. PSYCHOLOGY
2 RELIGION. THEOLOGY
3 SOCIAL SCIENCES
4 留空
5 NATURAL SCIENCES
6 TECHNOLOGY
7 THE ARTS
8 LANGUAGE. LINGUISTICS. LITERATURE
9 GEOGRAPHY. BIOGRAPHY. HISTORY

附UDC简表：

 

Universal Decimal Classification
Summary of classification

0 GENERALITIES
00 PROLEGOMENA. FUNDAMENTALS OF KNOWLEDGE AND CULTURE
004 Computer science
005 Management
01 BIBLIOGRAPHY
02 LIBRARIANSHIP
030 ENCYCLOPAEDIAS. GENERAL REFERENCE WORKS
050 SERIAL PUBLICATIONS. PERIODICALS
06 ORGANIZATIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS
069 Museums
070 NEWSPAPERS. JOURNALISM
08 POLYGRAPHIES. COLLECTIVE WORKS
09 MANUSCRIPTS. RARE AND REMARKABLE WORKS

1 PHILOSOPHY. PSYCHOLOGY
101 Nature and role of philosophy
11 Metaphysics
13 Philosophy of mind and spirit
14 Philosophical systems
159.9 PSYCHOLOGY
16 Logic. Epistemology. Theory of knowledge
17 Moral philosophy. Ethics

2 RELIGION. THEOLOGY
21 PREHISTORIC AND PRIMITIVE RELIGIONS
22 RELIGIONS OF THE FAR EAST
23 RELIGIONS OF THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT. HINDUISM. JAINISM. SIKHISM
24 BUDDHISM
25 RELIGIONS OF ANTIQUITY. MINOR CULTS AND RELIGIONS
252 Religions of Mesopotamia
254 Religions of Iran
257 Religions of Europe
26 JUDAISM
27 CHRISTIANITY
271 Eastern church
272/279 Western Church
272 Roman Catholic church
274/278 Protestant churches
28 ISLAM
282 Sunnite Islam
284 Shi’ite Islam
285 Babi-Baha’i
29 MODERN SPIRITUAL MOVEMENTS

3 SOCIAL SCIENCES
304 Social questions. Social practice. 
308 Sociography. Descriptive studies of society
311 STATISTICS
314 DEMOGRAPHY
316 SOCIOLOGY
32 POLITICS
321 Forms of political organization. States as political power
323 Home affairs. Internal policy
324 Elections. Plebiscites. Referendums
327 International relations
328 Parliaments. Congresses. Representation of the people. Governments
329 Political parties and movements
33 ECONOMICS
331 Labour. Employment. Work. Labour economics. Organization of labour.
336 Finance
338 Economic policy. Management of the economy. Production. Services. Prices
339 Trade. Commerce. International economic relations. World economy
34 LAW. JURISPRUDENCE
341 International law
342 Public law. Constitutional law. Administrative law
343 Criminal law
343.9 Criminology
347 Civil law
35 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION. GOVERNMENT
352/354 Levels of administration. Local, regional, central administration
355/359 MILITARY SCIENCE
36 SAFEGUARDING THE MENTAL AND MATERIAL NECESSITIES OF LIFE
364 SOCIAL WELFARE
368 Insurance. Communal provision through sharing of risk
37 EDUCATION
371 Organization of educational and training system. School organization
374 Education and training out of school. Further education
378 Higher education. Universities. Academic study
379.8 Leisure
39 ETHNOGRAPHY. FOLKLORE
391 Costume
392 Customs, manners, usage in private life
393 Death. Treatment of corpses. Funerals. Death rites
394 Public life. Social life. Life of the people
395 Social ceremonial. Etiquette. Good manners
398 Folklore in the strict sense.
396 FEMINISM

5 MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES
502/504 Environmental sciences. Conservation of natural resources. Threats to the environment and protection
51 MATHEMATICS
52 ASTRONOMY
528 Geodesy, cartography
529 Chronology
53 PHYSICS’
54 CHEMISTRY’
548 Crystallography
549 Mineralogy
55 EARTH SCIENCES
551.5 Meteorology. Climatology
551.7 Stratigraphy
552 Petrology
553 Economic geology
556 Hydrology
56 PALAEONTOLOGY
57 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
572 Anthropology
573 General biology
574 Ecology
575 Genetics
576 Cytology
577 Biochemistry. Biophysics
578 Virology
579 Microbiology
58 Botany
59 Zoology

6 APPLIED SCIENCES. MEDICINE. TECHNOLOGY
60 Biotechnology
61 MEDICINE
619 Veterinary medicine
62 ENGINEERING. TECHNOLOGY IN GENERAL
621 Mechanical engineering
621.3 Electrical engineering
621.38 Electronics
622 Mining
623 Military engineering
624 Civil engineering
625.1/.5 Railway engineering
625.7/.8 Highway engineering
626/627 Hydraulic engineering
628 Public health engineering
629 Vehicle engineering
63 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
630 Forestry
631/634 Farm management. Plant husbandry
635 Horticulture
636/638 Animal husbandry
639 Hunting. Fishing
64 HOME ECONOMICS
641/642 Cookery
643/649 Household equipment and management
65 MANAGEMENT
651 Office management
654 Telecommunications
655 PRINTING. PUBLISHING. BOOK TRADE
656 TRANSPORT AND POSTAL SERVICES
657 Accountancy
659 Publicity. Advertising. Public relations
66 CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
669 Metallurgy
67/68 INDUSTRIES, CRAFTS AND TRADES
69 BUILDING

7 THE ARTS
71 REGIONAL PLANNING
72 ARCHITECTURE
73 PLASTIC ARTS
74 DRAWING
745/749 APPLIED ARTS
75 PAINTING
76 GRAPHIC ARTS
77 PHOTOGRAPHY
78 MUSIC
79 RECREATION. ENTERTAINMENT. GAMES. SPORT
791 CINEMA. FILMS (MOTION PICTURES)
792 THEATRE
793 Dance
794 Board and table games
796/799 SPORT

8 LANGUAGE. LINGUISTICS. LITERATURE
80 PHILOLOGY
81 LINGUISTICS
811 Individual languages
82 LITERATURE
821 Literature of individual languages

9 GEOGRAPHY. BIOGRAPHY. HISTORY
902 ARCHAEOLOGY
903 Prehistory
904 Cultural remains of historical times
908 AREA STUDIES
91 GEOGRAPHY
929 BIOGRAPHY
929.5 Genealogy
929.6 Heraldry
93/99 HISTORY
930 Science of history. Ancillary historical sciences
930.1 History as a science. Theory and philosophy of history
930.25 Archivistics. Archives. Public records
930.27 Epigraphy. Palaeography
94 GENERAL HISTORY (Subdivision by auxiliaries of place – Table 1e, time – Table 1g and ethnic grouping – Table 1f))
94(100) History of the world
94(3) History of the ancient world
94(4) History of Europe
94(5) History of Asia
94(6) History of Africa
94(7/8) History of the Americas
94(9) History of Oceania, the Polar regions, Australasia, etc. 

 

      前几天遇到一本英文计算机书，不知该如何入类。翻来翻去，发现版权页上印有ACM Computing Classification System分类号。手头没有这个分类法，就上网去找，很容易就找到了最新的1998版，除提供浏览外，还可以将网页保存下来脱机使用。根据书上给出的类，很快就确定了《中图法》类号。
      联想到在一些西文的数学书上，有时会有Mathematics Subject Classification号码。象上面的计算机图书一样，如果正好是数学小分支学科的书，这个分类法的号码很有参考价值。手头有本1980版Mathematics Subject Classification，破旧不堪，于是想到网上去看看有没有电子版的。一样很方便就找到了2000年版，除提供浏览、检索外，还可以下载PDF格式的完整版。

链接：
ACM Computing Classification System (1998 Version, valid in 2004)
美国计算机协会Association of Computing Machinery编制的计算机分类法。
2000 Mathematics Subject Classification （MSC 2000）
美国《数学评论》Mathematical Reviews和德国《数学文摘》Zentralblatt MATH所用分类法。

附二种分类一级类表：

 

ACM Computing Classification System一级类：
A. General Literature
B. Hardware
C. Computer Systems Organization
D. Software
E. Data
F. Theory of Computation
G. Mathematics of Computing
H. Information Systems
I. Computing Methodologies
J. Computer Applications
K. Computing Milieux

Mathematics Subject Classification一级类：
00-xx General
01-xx History and biography
03-xx Mathematical logic and foundations
04-xx This section has been deleted
05-xx Combinatorics
06-xx Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures
08-xx General algebraic systems
11-xx Number theory
12-xx Field theory and polynomials
13-xx Commutative rings and algebras
14-xx Algebraic geometry
15-xx Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory
16-xx Associative rings and algebras
17-xx Nonassociative rings and algebras
18-xx Category theory; homological algebra
19-xx $K$-theory
20-xx Group theory and generalizations
22-xx Topological groups, Lie groups 
26-xx Real functions
28-xx Measure and integration
30-xx Functions of a complex variable
31-xx Potential theory
32-xx Several complex variables and analytic spaces
33-xx Special functions
34-xx Ordinary differential equations
35-xx Partial differential equations
37-xx Dynamical systems and ergodic theory
39-xx Difference and functional equations
40-xx Sequences, series, summability
41-xx Approximations and expansions
42-xx Fourier analysis
43-xx Abstract harmonic analysis
44-xx Integral transforms, operational calculus
45-xx Integral equations     
46-xx Functional analysis
47-xx Operator theory
49-xx Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization
51-xx Geometry
52-xx Convex and discrete geometry
53-xx Differential geometry
54-xx General topology
55-xx Algebraic topology
57-xx Manifolds and cell complexes
58-xx Global analysis, analysis on manifolds 
60-xx Probability theory and stochastic processes
62-xx Statistics
65-xx Numerical analysis
68-xx Computer science
70-xx Mechanics of particles and systems
73-xx This section has been deleted
74-xx Mechanics of deformable solids
76-xx Fluid mechanics
78-xx Optics, electromagnetic theory
80-xx Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer
81-xx Quantum theory
82-xx Statistical mechanics, structure of matter
83-xx Relativity and gravitational theory
85-xx Astronomy and astrophysics
86-xx Geophysics
90-xx Operations research, mathematical programming
91-xx Game theory, economics, social and behavioral sciences
92-xx Biology and other natural sciences
93-xx Systems theory; control 
94-xx Information and communication, circuits
97-xx Mathematics education